Malt Extract 

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Vitamin B3 

- They serve as coenzymes of NAD and NADP oxidoreductase enzymes. These enzymes are of great importance for the oxidation-reduction systems of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, especially those related to energy provision. 

Copper 

-In copper deficiency, general condition deterioration in animals, anemia, slowdown in growth and development, decrease in wool and hair quality, depigmentation, deformation in bones, rupture in the aorta, shrinkage in the thymus, degeneration in the myocardium and demyelination in the spinal cord occur. 
 
-Copper deficiency; It causes a decrease in non-specific immune reactions regulated by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. 
 
- Copper deficiency alone causes an increase in intestinal permeability. Copper deficiency simultaneously leads to low iron levels in some tissues and iron deficiency anemia, while causing iron overload in other tissues such as the intestine and liver. 
 
-Copper is one of the trace elements necessary for the development of the immune system and the continuity of its effectiveness. 

Taurine 

-Taurine is an essential amino acid that is effective in vision and reproductive functions of cats, which cannot be synthesized in the body and must be taken externally. 
 
- Taurine improves intestinal digestive function and regulates glycolipid metabolism to improve the utilization of dietary carbohydrates. 
 
-Taurine also facilitates intermediary metabolism, including promoting the activities of key enzymes in glycolysis and lipid synthesis and reducing the levels of gluconeogenesis rate-limiting enzymes to maintain glucose homeostasis. 

Vitamin E 

- Vitamin E helps prevent cognitive decline with its strong antioxidant effect. 
 
- Many eye conditions are believed to be related to oxidative stress, an imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals in your body. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect your cells, including your eye cells, from damage by free radicals, which are harmful, unstable molecules. It is also a vitamin that prevents cataracts and macular degeneration. 
 
-Vitamin E is an important antioxidant that scavenges free radicals produced by lipid peroxidation. 
 
-Low alpha tocopherol levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, and alpha tocopherol intake is known to be protective against coronary artery diseases. 
 
- It provides inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, protection of endothelial function, inhibition of monocyte-endothelial adhesion, inhibition of monocyte reactive oxygen species. 
 
-As the most powerful antioxidant known, it concentrates in cell membranes and forms the first line of defense as a free radical scavenger against lipid peroxidation in protecting cell membrane integrity. With these effects, it is effective in protecting and strengthening the skin. 
 
- It increases cell-mediated immune responses. It also has regulatory roles on immune function and cancer. 
 
-Vitamin E may have protective effects against cataracts and glaucoma. 
 
-In addition to its antioxidative activities, vitamin E has anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, anticancer, osteo- and neuroprotective effects. 

Vitamin B1 

- Vitamin B1 (thiamine) helps the body convert carbohydrates into energy. It has a significant effect on the functioning of the heart, nerves and muscles. 
 
- It is effective in reducing the risk of cataracts by protecting eye health. 

Methionine 

- Methionine regulates metabolic processes, innate immune system and digestive function. 
 
- It interferes with lipid metabolism, activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as methionine sulfoxide reductase A, and biosynthesis of glutathione to counteract oxidative stress. 
 
- In addition, methionine restriction prevents altered methionine/transmethylation metabolism, thereby reducing DNA damage and carcinogenic processes and preventing arterial, neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative diseases. 

Di Calcium Phosphate 

-Calcium is an element that performs numerous biological functions in the body. One of its most important functions is skeletal mineralization. Calcium is the main component of bone, more than 99% of which is found in the form of calcium-phosphate complexes. It provides the strength and structure of the skeleton, making the bone a metabolic reservoir to maintain the intracellular and extracellular calcium pool. 
 
-The remaining 1% of calcium is found in blood, extracellular fluids, muscles and other tissues. Here, it is responsible for muscle contraction, vascular contraction, vasodilation, nerve impulse transmission and intracellular communication. 
 
-Calcium intake affects bone mass by increasing calcium retention in the skeleton during bone growth, playing an important role in preventing bone loss and osteoporotic fractures in later life. Therefore, ensuring adequate calcium intake for our pets throughout life is a necessary supplement for bone health, preventing osteoporosis and related fractures. 

Zinc 

-Zinc, which is essential for the integrity of the immune system, is important in shaping immune competence, immunoregulation and resistance against microorganisms as it plays a role in the formation of specific antibodies. In zinc deficiency, there is a decrease in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, total lymphocyte count, thyroid and thymus functions, and gamma globulins. 
 
-Zinc and magnesium supplements are known to modulate the intestines. 
 
-It is used in the treatment of skin diseases by participating in the structure of many enzymes, proteins and hormones, and by playing a role in the immune system and thyroid functions, protection from infections, iodine metabolism, wound healing, and hair and feather development. 
 
- Zinc ions are found in the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which plays an important role in scavenging superoxide radicals. Regarding the eye, zinc plays important roles in antioxidant and immune function. 
 
There is evidence that dietary antioxidants and anti-inflammatories may be beneficial in reducing the risk of age-related eye disease. 

Vitamin C 

-Ascorbic acid is the main component in the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. It stimulates and modulates the proliferation of various mesenchyme-derived cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and odontoblasts. 
 
-Ascorbic acid (vit. C) provides a protective effect against damage to hair cells. 
 
- Ascorbic acid plays a role in extracellular matrix production. 
 
-It has the ability to serve as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, which are important for collagen synthesis. 
 
- Additionally, ascorbate stimulates steady-state messenger RNA synthesis of a number of cartilage matrix components, including type I collagen, type II collagen, alpha subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase. 
 
- It prevents pathological cartilage disorders by antioxidant mechanism or by increasing basic cartilage matrix components. 
 
-Provides effective protection of nephrons against acute renal failure. 
 
- Vitamin C is also a highly effective antioxidant, protecting essential molecules in the body, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA and RNA, from damage by free radicals and reactive oxygen species that can be produced during normal metabolism, as well as during normal metabolism. The eye has a particularly high metabolic rate and therefore has an additional need for antioxidant protection. 
 
-In addition to being a source of antioxidants, Vitamin C helps slow down cataracts and prevents macular degeneration. 

Magnesium Oxide 

- Magnesium, which is necessary for healthy and strong bone formation, helps calcium assimilate into the bone. 
 
-It regulates the acid-base balance in the body, regulates blood pressure, ensures vascular elasticity, and takes part in cell renewal. 

Cranberry Extract 

- It is known that it prevents the retention of bacteria in the lower urinary tract and reduces the gastrointestinal symptoms that accompany feline idiopathic cystitis. 
 
-Cranberry extract is used for its benefits in preventing the development of urinary tract infections in dogs, especially for its antifungal effects in fungal infections. 
 
- It significantly reduces microbial colonization in animals with an indwelling urinary catheter.